Explainers

Guides to border contracts

These guides explain the terms used in the register and compare documented practices across countries. Each factual claim links to an opened source.

• Are unsolicited proposals and direct awards lawful?What the Philippines PPP Code permits, what the Gambia audit criticised, and why the applicable law and approval record matter.
• How are border-system public-private partnerships paid for?Documented examples distinguish private financing, applicant or passenger charges, transfer terms and proposed political-risk cover.
• What are API and PNR passenger data?How passport identity data and airline booking records differ, and how interactive API supports boarding decisions.
• What did border-contract arbitration cases decide?Benin and UK e-Borders: the award, court challenge and settlement are separate events with different outcomes.
• What passenger and border fees do countries charge?Compare official travel-authorisation and departure charges, their payment units and limits on what they reveal about supplier funding.
• Who controls passenger data in border systems?Official records on passenger-data handling in Australia and Indonesia, and what a vendor's data-centre announcement does not establish.